Dialysis — how it helps, what happens, and simple tips to feel safer

Kidneys fail and dialysis steps in to do the cleaning work your kidneys can't: remove waste, control fluid, and balance electrolytes. If you or someone you care for is facing dialysis, the equipment and routines can feel overwhelming. This guide explains the two main types, what a typical session looks like, common risks, and straight-up tips you can use today.

Types of dialysis and how they differ

There are two common forms: hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis. Hemodialysis usually happens at a clinic or hospital three times a week for about 3–5 hours. Blood flows from your body into a machine that filters it and returns it. You'll hear about a fistula, graft, or catheter — that's the access point your team will use.

Peritoneal dialysis is done at home and uses the lining of your belly (the peritoneum) to filter blood. A sterile fluid is put into your abdomen through a catheter, sits for a while, then is drained. Some people do exchanges several times a day; others use a machine at night.

Practical things to expect and simple tips

Prep before treatment: weigh yourself, bring a list of medicines, and wear loose clothes. For hemodialysis, remove jewelry from the arm with your access and never let anyone take blood pressure or draw blood from that arm. Check the access site each day for warmth, redness, swelling, or a change in the pulse or thrill — those signs can mean infection or blockages.

Fluid and diet matter. Dialysis removes extra water, but it can't replace daily kidney work. That means fluid limits, watching salt, potassium, and phosphorus, and sticking to protein recommendations from your dietitian. Weigh yourself every morning—gaining too much weight between treatments often means extra strain during dialysis and more cramps.

Medicine timing can change. Some meds should be taken after dialysis; others before. Always ask your nephrology team. Bring all your meds to appointments until you and your doctor agree on a plan.

Watch for common problems: low blood pressure during treatment, muscle cramps, itching, and access infections. If you feel dizzy, very short of breath, or notice fever and redness at the access, contact your clinic right away.

Travel and life: traveling while on dialysis is possible. Arrange sessions ahead of time at clinics near your destination and carry a copy of your dialysis prescription. Simple strategies make travel easier—compressions for flights to reduce swelling, storing meds in carry-on, and keeping emergency contacts handy.

Mental health and support matter. Dialysis can be exhausting and emotional. Talk to peers, join support groups, and ask your team about counseling if you feel overwhelmed.

Want more practical reads? Check related guides on medication timing, travel with chronic conditions, and heart rhythm care while traveling. If anything feels unclear, your dialysis team is the best source—call them as soon as you have a question.